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The story about the 13 stripes and 50 stars of the American flag.




From 1 January 1776, the Union flag of Great shows 13 horizontal stripes alternate red and white as well as the Union Jack in the upper left corner of the township. The 13 bands refer to the thirteen British colonies formed after successive annexations and foundations (Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island).

Le 14 juin 1777 - soit près d'un an après la proclamation d'indépendance des États-Unis le 4 juillet 1776 - le Congrès officialise un drapeau pour la nouvelle nation to 13 bands plus 13 white stars on blue field (First Flag Act: "Resolved: That the flag of the United States Be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, thats the union Be thirteen stars, white in a blue Field, Representing a New Constellation ").

April 4, 1818, a new congressional resolution states that the number of bands is 13 and that each new state of the Union shall be represented on the blue field of the township by a star. The addition of the star takes place on July 4 following admission of the new state.

The 50 states of the Union

1777: 13 stars and 13 stripes on the flag states Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island.
1795: 15 stars and 13 stripes on the flag after the admission of Vermont and Kentucky states.
1818: 20 stars and 13 stripes on the flag (the number of bands remain unchanged) following the alignment of states Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi and Indiana.
1819: 21 stars (Illinois)
1820: 23 stars (Alabama, Maine)
1822: 24 stars (Missouri)
1836: 25 stars (Arkansas)
1837: 26 stars (Michigan)
1845 : 27 étoiles (Florida)
1846 : 28 étoiles (Texas)
1847 : 29 étoiles (Iowa)
1848 : 30 étoiles (Wisconsin)
1851 : 31 étoiles (California)
1858 : 32 étoiles (Minnesota)
1859 : 33 étoiles (Oregon)
1861 : 34 étoiles (Kansas)
1863 : 35 étoiles (West Virginia)
1865 : 36 étoiles (Nevada)
1867 : 37 étoiles (Nebraska)
1877 : 38 étoiles (Colorado)
1890 : 43 étoiles (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho)
1891 : 44 étoiles (Wyoming)
1896 : 45 étoiles (Utah)
1908 : 46 étoiles (Oklahoma)
1912: 48 stars (New Mexico, Arizona)
1959: 49 stars (Alaska)
1960: 50 stars (Hawaii).
At these 50 states plus the District of Columbia and the external territories: Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Panama Canal, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Midway Islands, Isle of Wate, Johnson Islands.

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The African lions threatened by American hunters


The lion is the king of beasts, a symbol of strength and greatness. But it is also a hunting trophy of the most popular, making it an endangered species. Its main predator ? The Americans, who represent a strong and growing threat to the survival of these felines have become the biggest buyers of trophies such as skin rugs, or body parts such as claws, skull and bones. Almost two thirds of the 5663 lions hunted for sport in Africa have seen their carcasses sent to the United States over the past decade. These are the conclusions of a report, repeated by the Guardian, a coalition of U.S. advocacy of wildlife that calls for banning the hunting of lions in Africa.



"The king of the jungle is endangered, and yet the Americans continue to kill lions for sport, "Jeff Flocken alarmed, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), which calls the White House to act. Because the number of Americans taken by hunters has doubled between 2008 and 1999.

result: in a century, the population of wild lions on the continent has fallen dramatically, from 200 000 to 40 000 or 23 000 according to some estimates, this would amount to a death rate of 80%. The lions have completely disappeared in 26 African countries. Only seven countries (South Africa, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) would harbor more than a thousand lions each, according to the association for the defense of big cats Panthera.

The penchant for hunting male lions may also lead to the extinction of entire herds, say the environmentalists. The disappearance of the dominant male could indeed trigger a struggle for supremacy among the survivors, leading to the death of other lions, and younger adults.

If the lions main predator is man, the Western hunters are not the only ones responsible. The lions are in fact also killed by local residents and workers in situations of conflict, both coexistence between man and the cat is difficult. Besides they also face pressure on their natural habitat, with the decline in wild regions, which give way to infrastructure or agriculture.

Nevertheless, all associations do not advocate a total ban on hunting. "If you banish, then the real danger is that you force African governments to generate additional income on their land, through farming and agriculture, which destroy the natural habitat of lions," justifies Luke Hunter, vice president of Panthera. A responsible hunt could then afford to preserve the species.

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Rising fuel prices: Total

The oil operators have suggested, a few days ago that, given the international situation, it will be very difficult to keep the prices of their products unchanged. So, what everyone feared happened because the oil company Total Madagascar has just opened the ball by increasing its prices yesterday.

This company has applied a sizeable increase on its products since the price of unleaded petrol rose from 95 Ar Ar 3030 to 3130. This represents an increase of 100 per liter of Ar product; an increase of 4.5%. Diesel as saw him at his price is higher prices for Ar 50, equivalent to an increase of 1.9%. Indeed, this product, as consumed in the transport sector, is now posted at Ar 2590. The latter cost Ar before 2540.

For now, other business operators prefer to wait and see how the market reacts in relation to this new increase. Need we recall that the last upward revision in prices at the pump by tankers Applied dated last January.

In the middle, the players do not show too talkative but it is nevertheless reliable source that these professionals had not suffer the waves of a surging cost of oil, whose origin is the political crisis in Arab countries, including Libya and Bahrain.

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opens the dance teachers paid to Ar 10,000 per month


For a selfless, hard to beat. Young teachers are willing to receive a pittance to save school children.

2000 to 10 000 Ariary per month per teacher, this is the compensation of five youths who wanted to return the children to school. "They started this project last year, asking the great hall of fokontany" recounts Razakaria Andrianjafimahatratra, president of the fokontany Ambodihady-Ambohimanarina.
Thus, this project will include children in this very disadvantaged households fokontany. "Tuition fees are the main obstacle to parents to educate their offspring. Also, we do ask them a small fee of 2 000 Ariary per child for the operation of our school, "says Melissia Ravoniarisoa, teacher of the school. But only 20% of 120 students from kindergarten to 7th, make a regular payment of fees. Thus, 48 000 Ariary collected are distributed to pay for chalk, sponges and
"salary" for teachers. Financial Problem

Despite this financial problem and lack of recognition of the Ministry of Education (MoE) of the school, teachers are rising to the challenge. "One of our goals this year is to present the 11 students in 7th grade at the National Review," Melissia Ravoniarisoa advance. We teach the courses conducted by one of our colleagues working in a private school that has a teaching license to complete the program of the MEN. But the problems do not discourage. "Many children have stopped attending school for a year or two. And a dozen of them do not eat twelve o'clock lack of money, "she laments. Savatina, a girl of 12 years, certify about the teacher. "My sister and I stopped studying for two years. For our mother, a middle, and our father, a security officer, could not pay our fees, "recounts Savatina, a 7th grade student in the school. These young people launch and an appeal to those who want to help in this project.

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"Vary mora" Retailers prefer to sell their own products, first

The "vary mora" not yet attracting a number of retailers still have a stock of rice more or less and await the exhaustion of it before of rice supplies at discounted prices.

The primary beneficiaries of the rice imported from Burma by the State and sold to Ar 900 kg, have begun to buy from the outlets. But what is the capital, this product is not yet sufficiently widespread throughout the city.

Indeed, this rice called "vary mora" is still quite difficult to find in some areas where retailers are not so enthusiastic about the idea of selling this product, their stock has not yet expired. "We sell rice to Ar 1 700 kg, for the type 'Makalioka' and sell Vary mora Ar 900 does not suit us at all to the extent that customers will inevitably rueront on it, our stocks and we remain on our hands. " Thus, these retailers prefer to sell their own stocks first before turning to "vary mora." Remember that it bought at 860 per kilo Ar by retailers, allowing them to make a profit of 40 Ar per kilo of rice sold (Ie sell a ton of rice for a margin of 40,000 Ar).

Until the "vary mora" is widely available from many retailers, consumers still continue to buy rice in Ar or Ar 1 600 1700, unable to find anything better. A report on the 20 000 tonnes of rice imported by the state, 5,000 tons will go to people in the south of the Big Island. Other regions are beginning to be resupplied, like Antsirabe where 95 tons of "vary mora" have just been delivered.

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Comoros say they are ready to go to international arbitration to succeed in the dispute between them to France on the status of Mayotte, as the Minister Comoros External Relations and Cooperation, Fahmi Said Ibrahim.

"Our position on this issue has been constant and consistent for years, namely that the entire archipelago is a single territorial entity. This position was defended constantly by President Ahmed Abdallah Sambi. I have no doubt it will be by his successor, President Dhoinine "hammered Mr. Ibrahim. This

want France to recognize the affiliation of Mayotte in the Comoros archipelago, as confirmed by the resolutions adopted by the United Nations and the European Union Africa. In arriving at this stage, the Comoros are willing to discuss the case with France in Mayotte and find common ground. Nevertheless, the different between them has been accentuated by the referendum of March 29, 2009, regarding the departmentalization of Mayotte, which the African Union has acknowledged any value and for which she had protested in association with the Comorian authorities.

Source: www.afriquejet.com

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Mayotte : Comoros could enter international justice


Comoros say they are ready to go to international arbitration to succeed in the dispute between them to France on the status of Mayotte, as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Comoros and Cooperation, Fahmi Said Ibrahim.

"Our position on this issue has been constant and consistent for years, namely that the entire archipelago is a single territorial entity. This position was defended constantly by President Ahmed Abdallah Sambi. I have no doubt it will be by his successor, President Dhoinine "hammered Mr. Ibrahim. This

want France to recognize the affiliation of Mayotte in the Comoros archipelago, as confirmed by the resolutions adopted by the United Nations and the African Union. Before coming at this stage, the Comoros are willing to discuss the case with France in Mayotte and find common ground. Nevertheless, the different between them has been accentuated by the referendum of March 29, 2009, regarding the departmentalization of Mayotte, which the African Union has acknowledged any value and for which she had protested in association with the Comorian authorities.


Source: www.afriquejet.com

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BOA: MGA 380 million disappeared in seconds


scooterists Four armed to the teeth have stolen a huge sum that would be paid to the Central Bank yesterday. A policeman was unarmed.
Drama in Toamasina. In a flash, three four bandits brandishing Kalashnikov rifles and an automatic pistol and stole money from the Bank Of Africa (BOA) Augagneur the Boulevard, yesterday around 14:30. Source police, the bandits got their hands on a jackpot estimated at 380 million MGA. "The money should be returned to the Central Bank, where the band has prevailed," said an official of the BOA. "From first hand, the attackers were well informed," he adds.
The lads have hit just when the money was embedded in a 4x4 of the BOA, a Nissan pick-up white. A policeman, a security guard and a driver were to convey to the Central Bank, located about 200 meters away. The thieves drove
two scooters. Apparently they had awaited for their prey in the area. The robbers emerged from all sides when the 4x4 was primed to go. Taken aback, the driver and security guard did not have attempted. The officer somehow, tried to stand up to the attackers, but they opened fire with their rifles. One bullet shattered a window of the Nissan while another lodged in the door. Suspicious Facts

The policeman was about to draw his gun when the criminals pounced on him. They pressed against the ground to steal the weapon.
After neutralized, the gangsters jumped into the all-terrain dragging by force safety officer they took hostage. After ensuring that their booty was indeed on board, they took off, abandoning their scooters around the walls of the FOB.
The robbers have vanished from the wild. Around 18 h30, Nissan with their stolen money was recovered with the agent Security Antanandava side on the road to the project site Ambatovy. Curiously, it had no scratches.
soon alerted, police went to where the package has been committed. In the process, they have found clues about the attackers. A policeman in charge of the investigation put the spotlight on some facts. Suspects have been interviewed.

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The 21 hostages released by Somali pirates in Antsiranana: 12 hackers arrested, a mechanic shot at close range and thrown overboard



Four months without water and food. Four months of anguish under the threat of weapons. Zoulficar passengers were finally reunited with the mainland. Reporting ...

Emotion ran high yesterday at Diego. The 21 passengers - emaciated, malnourished and dehydrated, weathered skin and hauled by the weather - are finally released after four months in captivity. Their ordeal ended with the arrest by the military Malagasy twelve Somali pirates who have kidnapped at sea while they were heading for Dar es Salaam, on board Zoulficar after have left the Comoros.

Thus, towed by the boat marina on 140 km, Zoulficar could reach the harbor of Diego around 9 am yesterday, after four months on the high seas under the control of Somali pirates. The passengers consist of cosmopolitan citizens of Madagascar, Tanzania and Comoros burst into tears when approaching the coast antsiranaise. "I no longer hoped to regain the land and be alive. The pirates were too arrogant and we are concerned at any time in our lives. For almost four months, we lived a life of hardship. Every time we would move a little, we immediately pointed weapons on the front. And sometimes, hackers apparently under the influence of drugs, opened fire, just to intimidate us and we prove they are not here to joke, "according to Hassan the master of the crew. The chief engineer Zoulficar was coldly gunned down Oct. 31 and his body was thrown overboard. Since that horrific scene, the message is passed: the passengers are confronted with people without qualms. The fear was at its peak for the three women aboard. One of them should have been granted a medical evacuation in Dar Es Salaam for surgery.

Arbahin. Yesterday, passengers Zoulficar immediately given first aid emergency. Their lives are no longer in danger. Most women were placed on a drip after a long period of dehydration and malnutrition. Comoros, not everyone expected to see what these people are still alive. This Nation has already organized the Arbahin, a ritual designed to honor the dead. "After four overflights and some operations of the European aircraft tracking device Atalanta supported by a ship of the Indian Navy, was finally located Zoulficar Friday at 8:00 p.m. thirty. Malagasy Navy did not wait longer to initiate his plan.

Breathless. Commandos of the 2nd RFI and gendarmerie of the Naval Air Antsiranana have been hard at work since the pirates were still believed to be armed. On site, all individuals on board lifted his hands in the air to avoid any confusion. Pirates, meanwhile, have raised a white flag in surrender. "There was no hint of retaliation on their part" by Captain Rolland Rasolofonirina who commissioned the military operation with 30 commandos. An operation that is intended to rescue the hostages and the rescue of sick passengers, not to mention the arrest of the alleged pirates. "We survived with the forty five bags of rice and sugar on board. We ate it for two times a day for four months. Before yesterday, we had nothing more than thirty gallons of fresh water, equivalent to our need for the day. We were breathless when the rescue team finally arrived to the great relief of all passengers, "said Ali Abdu, second engineer of the boat. Yesterday, the Navy pushed a sigh of relief by closing this case. It remains for the police to continue processing the case through its investigations it will open very soon. "Since the arrests took place in the Malagasy maritime territory, and there were among the victims of Malagasy mischief pirates on the boat, the bandits of the high seas are therefore brought to justice Malagasy 'by Prosecutor Republic of Diego, Mohamed Abdou Ali.

Navy Malagasy deserves congratulations after her speech that made no loss of life or damage. Despite the age Patroller "Trozona" the Navy has conducted a masterly operation. To the chagrin of Somali pirates. It is time to provide adequate facilities that entity to better address threats increasingly common in this region.


Chronology of

October 31: Zoulficar the boat, from Moroni is heading for Dar Es Salaam, with 22 people aboard. The building is stormed by Somali pirates in two speedboats on board 40 and 50 horses. The chief engineer Oussouf Ali was shot dead and thrown into the sea the same day. The ship was hijacked Mogadishu. Subsequently, it has been used by hackers to other acts on the high sea (PANAMA boat was one of their victims)

February 9: The pirates are organized into teams of rotation. A third team was boarded Zoulficar vain to attack another ship named "Delmas". Four pirates were killed when their speedboat had overturned at sea during the attack occurred in the territorial waters of Seychelles.

February 19: Zoulficar ran out of fuel. The Pirates have decided to give up but when they returned realized that their fuel reserves are not enough to return to Somalia. Thus the captain Soalihi Boanaheri negotiated their disarmament before he agrees again these hijackers.

February 21: Two hackers have decided to take with them the captain supposed to know the path to reach the coast of Madagascar with two passengers and two crew members. Diego arrived at the two hijackers were arrested by the police of the Port.

February 23: Navy begins its plan. First passage without any results.

February 24: An Overview in the coastal zone (Vavapasy in Cap d'Ambre).

February 25: An Overview of the territorial waters of the Comoros. Intervention by the Navy with the European aircraft detection Atalanta. Intervention of the Indian Navy. About 20 hours. All localization teams are unanimous on the position of Zoulficar, 140 km north-east of Diego.

February 26: to 11:30, the Navy was there and began to take his statement.

February 27: Zoulficar was towed by the vessel and MARINA arrived safely at Diego.

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In Beijing, the revolutions in the Arab world and Middle East shake the authorities. A call on the Chinese Internet calls to assemble peacefully




After Spring Arabic, Chinese authorities fear a contagion to the Middle Kingdom. After the events of Sunday, February 20, a new Internet calling urged the Chinese to assemble peacefully each Sunday in 13 cities to 14h. "We must put pressure on the (Communist) Party to power in China. If the party does not fight corruption and conscientiously accept the supervision of the people not there to ruin," warned the activists in their open letter sent to Parliament. Inspired by the rebellions in various Arab countries, they take their slogans and calling including more open government and freedom of expression.

probably worried about the centrality of social networks in the revolutions of the Arab world, the government decided against the rise of these challenges, to tighten censorship of the Web. After Twitter and Facebook, LinkedIn is the turn to pay. Used in the online campaign for democracy, the professional social network announced on Friday to AFP, be inaccessible in China. "It seems to be part of an operation (censorship) is wider now underway in China and also for other sites, "said Hani Durzy, spokesman for the company. The authorities have banned the words" Tunisia "," Egypt "," Jasmine "and" democracy "in the lexicon of the Internet and texting.

restrictions cyber -censors on forums have failed to deter the organizers to publish anonymous, February 22, a new call to protest. "If the government does not really solve these problems but simply want to censor the Internet and block information to suppress the protests, the latter will instead be strengthened, "they warn. Activists use it again to the Chinese website installed United States, Boxun.com. Washington denounced as censorship on the Internet: "Those who suppress freedom on the Internet may come to prevent the full expression of the aspirations of their people for a while but not forever," he said last week, Hillarry Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State.

In a country where demonstrations are banned, the device of the security forces has dissuaded the Chinese down in number in the street last weekend. And this week, Internet users behind the call for rallies have been arrested and accused of subversion charges often used by Beijing to suppress any mobilization for democracy. They are not the only ones who have been molested.

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Dozens of Chinese activists for human rights, dissidents and lawyers are subject to prosecution by the police for having relayed this call. And according to the Information Center for Human Rights and Democracy (CHRD) in Hong Kong, more than 100 activists have been questioned or put under house arrest, while others suffered harassment or simply disappeared. "In recent days we see more criminal charges being incurred lengthy prison sentences for activists and more raids home, "complains the director of the CHRD, Renee Xia. Thus, two dissenting historical, Ding Mao and Chen Wei, jailed after the pro-democracy movement in Tiananmen 1989, were charged with inciting subversion while unemployed for 35 years, Liang Haiya, was arrested Saturday in the city of Harbin in the northeast, to have relayed the call to protest on Web sites and discussion forums in China.

For further stifle dissident movements, the government ensures that no information crosses borders. According to a snippet of the Information Office of Beijing Municipality, published in the China Daily, foreign journalists are forbidden "to talk to the Pekingese; any interview conducted in Beijing will be the subject of an application for prior authorization. " Regulations concerned the only sensitive areas before the Tiananmen or Tibet. Now it will be difficult for reporters to do their work. These measures are

CHRD say that "the crackdown by the government against the militants could be one of the most drastic in recent years." However, the organizers are not decided to stop their struggle. In an Internet message, they indicated that a "prolonged action was needed to demonstrate to Beijing that the people demand of the communist regime to be accountable and be transparent." The relative failure of their previous appeal does not seem to have discouraged "come without arms, walk and smile, they are launching. Smiles are stronger than slogans."

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MONEY CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA? Somali Piracy


NOT AT ALL. The problem in Africa has never been lack of money, but rather the inability to exploit the African mind. Picture a banana farmer in a rural village in Africa with a leaky roof and that would cost $ 100 to repair. If someone bought $ 100 worth of bananas, the farmer would have the power and the choice of whether the roof is leaking its spending priorities. On the other hand, if he were given $ 100 as a grant or loan to repair the roof, his choice would be limited to what the donor sees as a priority. About 960 million Africans in 53 states, there are innovators and entrepreneurs, they are rewarded by the market, will address the challenges facing the continent.

If money was the key to solving problems, banks would send officers on the streets to provide money to people in need. But banks offer money to individuals who successfully translate their problems into opportunities. A British aid to $ 7 million to 228 Samburu herders in Kenya in 2002 did not prevent him from becoming poor in 2007. Money itself is neutral. Substantial amounts of money treated as capital led strategists (which depict Africa as trapped in a cycle of poverty) to argue for massive inflows of capital as the only way out of poverty. Instead, see money as a value, a creation, effect resulting from the exchange between different parties, offers a chance to translate African problems into opportunities.

As Lord Peter Bauer has rightly observed, "money is the result of economic success and not a precondition." Africans How can they engage in activities that lead to success Economic? The key is to transform the mentality of 50% of Africa's population under 20 years so they focus on the conversion of Africa's problems into opportunities. In Africa today, there are opportunities to feed 200 million people undernourished, kill billions of mosquitoes causing malaria threaten the lives of about 500 million people, and develop infrastructure.

Africa has enormous capital in the form of natural resources that include oil, hydropower, diamonds, uranium, gold, cobalt, coltan World 70% and 34% of the cassiterite. Coltan and cassiterite are strategic in the production of cell phones, laptops and other electronic products. If Africans used the power of reason, the global mobile phones, which delivers 25 cell phones per second, would provide a huge source of income for respective countries and expanding their choices.

Focusing on the human mind as the African capital will translate into wealth resources, helping to solve Africa's problems. The usefulness and value of money will be generated by rational responses to the challenges facing the continent through the exchange of products and services at village level, at national, continental and international levels.

James Shikwati is the founder and director of Inter Region Economic Network and CEO of the magazine The African Executive business magazine.

**************************************

'S WHAT I THOUGHT. .. but not anymore. There's that overused maxim that says: If you hold a hammer in hand, every problem resembles a nail. What happens then, when all that we hold in our hands is a checkbook? The approach "checkbook" of development suggests that poor nations can not develop the skills to solve their own problems. There are, however, a notable exception.

President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame, called me to his office to help strengthen private sector capacity and improve export competitiveness. I informed him that the amount of money and time he would not budgeted to make both my work and train Rwandans. He told me the story: when he had finally accumulated enough money to pay wage arrears of the troops who fought to end the genocide, he asked them if, instead, he could use the money to buy helicopters to end the war faster. Not a single soldier objected.

President Kagame bought helicopters to countries, provided they also provide drivers. He then persuaded the pilot to carry out missions in enemy territory, and at the same time, train Rwandans flight. His tactics in a country without roads and a thousand hills, shortened the war and saved lives.

Every nation needs money to modernize and improve the lives of its citizens, and that is positive when a rich nation helps a poor nation after a natural disaster, or to meet a basic human need. But too often, when a nation helps another, it is based on a massive injection of financial capital subject a change of monetary, trade, investment, fiscal, and sectoral wage. It is often good advice, not without compromise. The nation became rich while the decision-making responsibility for the future of a nation must always remain in the hands of the citizens of this nation, and not those of foreign advisers, and certainly not those of creditors and donors.

This "checkbook" Development confuses compassion and generosity over-responsibility for human beings. Explicitly or implicitly, the dealer tells them how to run their country, and this process, unwittingly deprive citizens of countries emerging from their most precious assets - dignity and autonomy.

The Rwanda receives little foreign assistance. Leaders of the World Bank presented me with several other experts, to President Kagame and promised to pay the cost of our work, but they needed two years to complete the program, and Rwanda could not wait two years. President Kagame understand that poverty destroys the cornerstones of the society of his country: tolerance, confidence, aspirations and hope. He decided to pay our wages from the proceeds of his privatization program, but he insisted that we should begin immediately and we will refund if we do not do what we promised. He requested further: "I want you to be like those who flew the planes and formed the Rwandans." I asked, "Do you want me to help you kill the enemy, too?" He replied: "I want you to help me kill poverty."

Rwanda has no money, but it is a nation that wishes to free itself from creeping fatalism often encouraged (but unintentionally) by people known as benevolent. His leadership had the courage to challenge the underlying assumptions of international aid, and this led to an increase of nearly 20% per year subsistence wages in key export sectors. Responsibility for its own future depends entirely on the shoulders of men and women of his country. Not a single Rwandan objecting.

Michael Fairbanks is the co-founder of the OTF Group and the SEVEN FUND, which provides grants for enterprise solutions to poverty.



************************************** NO. In fact, after fifty years of attempts and 600 billion dollars in aid, with an increase almost zero level of living in Africa, I can stand the answer "no" in some farm. The lawyers talk with inexpensive solutions such as oral rehydration salts to 10-cents would save a baby dying of diarrhea, the drug against malaria to 12-cents saving someone with malaria $ 5 nets that prevent them from contracting malaria in the first place. Yet despite the influx of aid money, two million babies still died from diarrheal diseases in 2009, more than a million are still dying of malaria, and most of the potential victims of malaria does not always sleep under mosquito nets.

Clearly, money alone does not solve the problems. What is needed instead, they are entrepreneurs in the economic, social and political leaders are, for example, to ensure that drugs reach the victims, rather than slogans wonderful for administrative solutions that are as advertising vehicles for increasing even more money raised for using inefficient bureaucracies. Contractors would be responsible for results, unlike the bureaucrats and politicians with the rich countries that make promises that nobody holds them accountable. As

to facilitate development in Africa, free enterprise is the vehicle that has proven to escape poverty elsewhere (see China and India most recently) and it is simply patronizing to suggest that this does not work in Africa. The hope of Africa is more of someone who, like the businessman Alieu Conteh, launched with great success in chaos of civil war, a cellular phone company in the Democratic Republic of Congo, as defending celebrities like Bono assistance. Africans are far from being doomed to remain helpless wards wealthy donors: the political and economic freedoms of thought will enable Africans themselves to solve their own problems.

William Easterly is professor of economics at New York University, together with Africa House, and co-director of the Institute of Development Research at NYU. It is also non-resident member of the Center for Global Development in Washington, DC.



A Templeton Conversation, in templeton.org / translation from French unmondelibre.org

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- "Zoulfecar" and the 25 hostages located in Cap d'Ambre


"Zoulfecar" Comorian ship hijacked by Somali pirates and sought two days ago by the elements of the Forces of the order of Antsiranana, has finally been spotted 70 nautical North - Eastern Cape Amber. These men in fatigues are gone at the bedside of the 25 hostages who remain aboard "Zoulfecar.

"Zoulfecar, linking Comoros and Dar Es - Salaam, Tanzania's capital, was under the control of Somali pirates since Oct. 31, 2010 and no association with the Comoros is not possible since then. These Somali demanded a ransom of 12 million dollars to the crew, in exchange for several lives, including 25 still on board. As their application was not been met, these pirates have brought everyone on board until this amount is met.
recall that last Monday, a power boat off - board docked at the port of Antsiranana, with two pirates on board and four sailors, including Captain of the boat to seek help and assistance from the Malagasy authorities, as their reserves fuel was exhausted.
Zoulfecar has, meanwhile, was located about sixty miles off the coast of Antsiranana. But since Thursday, no trace of "Zoulfecar" was recorded by the elements of the Forces of Order Antsiranana. Finally, yesterday, this boat was spotted 70 nautical North - Eastern Cape Amber.
As explained by Captain of the ship, food on board "Zoulfecar" enough until yesterday while drinking water supplies have been depleted in recent days and the lives of 25 hostages depends on far from the falls rain.
The owner of "Zoulfecar" praised "Marina, a boat Malagasy saving many lives. Yesterday, elements of the Bana Antsiranana and those of the local police have gone on board the "Marina", Antsiranana to join "Zoulfecar "Located in the North - Eastern Cape Amber. 14-hour trip would be enough to reach the place indicated. Thus, this day is a miracle that these 25 hostages, including Captain "Zoulfecar" as well as elements of rescue crossing their fingers that they remain alive.

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AUTOPSY OF A COUP FOR FUNNY by Fernand Turkey


At a time when Cameroon stuffed themselves at a high price of opium Vatican with heavy smoke in the tragic chapter of colonial Africa needs no introduction, Madagascar lived the One of these playwrights whose outcome is intended to be both original and classic in a continent made to gaits insidiously apocalyptic.


The protests began three weeks in Madagascar when I decided to focus firmly on the developments. And the click took place in one afternoon, following an exchange with a promotionnaire native of the Big Island and lives in Antananarivo. With an air of sententious Rabenarison had delivered a statement rather then loaded with innuendo. Listen Badiadji, he confided, we know what is happening here in Tana. I'll confirm that when RFI and France24 announce the number of demonstrators pro-Rajoelina, divide this figure least four hope to approach reality. When they announce forty thousand, as is so often the case, he barely there were ten thousand, "he concluded.

What's the point, dammit? Behind the words, the conviction of a resident. Assuming that's true! What these bodies therefore play audio streamed and watched the most beautiful people told French? What do they gain to overestimate the number of demonstrators apparently acquired an agitator out of nowhere, artificial, all frail and hesitant, apparently engaged in a movement to fizzle? A priori, nothing. Africa No. 1 BBC distill and yet the figures of the same order! And what about the national media? RFI and France24 be they victims of a smear campaign designed to undermine an aura that is intended asserted on the continent? ... Still, if these two bodies have audiovisual officially not meant to defend the interests of France, except that of promoting the French language, they do not index this vocation even less to disparage, turpitude claims and exactions of a country to which they belong and which depend mainly on the financial resources necessary for their operation at least. They are basically news media reports and sanitized, media entertainment or diversions, and whatnot? Unless of course the media involved, and finally, unless it is unacceptable to say these circumstances, those who are particularly at risk the "best interests", like piracy off Somalia ... What that as it may in the case of Madagascar, I had everything before to unleash the strict expression data over a movement that I thought then no decisive significance, ephemeral. Was obviously far from imagining that the army had resolutely taken up the cause for illegal!

Project Manager, Norbert Ratsirahonana, former President of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Madagascar, the maneuver is to legalize the new situation in Antananarivo. And he intends to rely exclusively on his sense of professionalism and recognition for completing the noble and exciting reward responsibility logically well-rounded career: Do not we hide our face, "he admits readily. No article of the Constitution provides for such transfers of power. But, he says, I will not say it is unconstitutional, I would say it's extra-constitutional, as a delegation of authority is always provided somewhere. Moreover, he adds, it's not unprecedented, this has already happened in 1972 and at that time, the High Constitutional Court had said nothing. The important thing is to respect the spirit of the Constitution and return to stability and a peaceful climate.

Great art! Certainly the provision of high-flying, worthy feats tropical ...

In this moment of epilogue to two months of a tragic drama in which the apparent apathy of the international community says enough on its active complicity, there is here an imperative sad duty for me, but I must accept and assume, as is the case, the occurrence of these events devoid of any meaning, where the interests of sordid buccaneers lawless precedence over the fates of innocent millions insidiously sacrificed on the altar of a fatal doctrine that always wants faceless, anonymous .

Before joining the timid reaction of the international arena, and perhaps due to a lapse in diplomatic seems a little bit on the euphoria of a victory already gained, France which Madagascar was one of the settlements, if not yet the case, was quick to find the long period of two years of transition determined by the new foal places. Hear here, the irreversible nature of a coup indeed consumed! ... Ping meanwhile, now engaged with the cumbersome and caustic authority of the Libyan leader, is low profile and seems to give any priority to Sudan where, tooth and nail, he struggles like the Sisyphus of modern times, to disentangle El-Bashir of the thorny necklace stamped ICC, now well off the neck of the potentate. The mandate is a threat to peace, we are assured of the AU side. So what about the activities of the Union when the genocidal dictator, and its Janjaweed militias slaughtered souls by the thousands and millions were displaced and refugees? ... If there is one constant quality of the AU since its creation, it is this unity and solidarity assertive when it comes to one of its members in trouble!

Judging by the intensity of criticism, most bitter against Mauritanian junta and the least we can say is that the international community has shown less hypocrisy on the case of Madagascar ... And if it has not deigned to honor with his presence at the swearing in ceremony of the illustrious unknown, ex-DJ alias TGV yet it comes with great ceremony to consecrate the king, she probably knew that such an ultimate challenge, especially as grotesque and unnecessary, would only strip the diplomatic conspiracy hatched against the people of Madagascar to the relative subtlety that keeps it still barely looks away from unwise ... As a good faith or not, and this must be advanced in any case a very positive to its credit, Ravalomanana has proposed a referendum to resolve the crisis. An offer if democratic way has yet attracted the interest of so-called democrats or Madagascar in the ranks of the opposition, nor beyond the borders, with an international concert which always wants peaceful and strong supporter constitutional order.

Actually apart from the formula, the intensity of violence and gross losses recorded, the coup Rajoelina insidiously recalls that of the old veteran Sassou Congo Brazzaville, in a sinister comeback can not be more symbol of imperialist referred from France on his [former] colonies. And this is probably not very cozy Sarkozy's speech at Brazzaville - a blessing on the edge of a sham election scheduled - which I deny. And this is not Bolloré, the new flagship of French Africa, who objects to a reality of the most damning! Sassou Rajoelina and they not only are two of them even made a new era of limitless tragedy, this new era that would like a democratically elected president under the tropical sky is likely to be pathetically landed by every moment, even in defiance of the sacrosanct tenets of political democracy? Finally, in the coup of Antananarivo, the main victim is undoubtedly democracy, not only in Madagascar, but far beyond, in mainland Africa. I do not know the scope of the devastating wave, the future will take care willingly response elements. This is about sticking to foundations and universal principles of democracy, its mechanisms unanimously accepted. And that is where the rub ... With all due disgrace worthy of that which is subject to pariah first class, Ravalomanana was goodness out of power, well before the end of the second mandate entrusted to it by the sovereign people of Madagascar said ... To think that the dinosaurs themselves, are guilty of nothing, they who enjoy such odor of sanctity with unfailing sponsors always benevolent. Either. Without pretending to pinpoint all the supporters of a disqualification in a cavalier, I simply note a number of facts that would at least be impossible to ignore when it comes to conduct an independent investigation into the wave that swept the piteous now ex-strongman Tananarive. Stand by: Ravalomanana is known as being this poor French who did not otherwise reveal a strong supporter of the former colonial power.

France was then caught off guard and could not effectively bring relief to his protege soundly defeated Ratsiraka in 2002, had procrastinated long to recognize the authority of Ravalomanana. The consequences of this procrastination were also remained stubborn to the point of generating a bumpy relationship had already caused the expulsion of two journalists Metro and a Jesuit priest.

Ravalomanana is the one who in 2007 introduced English as the official language in Madagascar, and reintroduced the Malagasy as the language of primary education. Suffice to say this is one that has virtually condemned the French to death on the island of lemurs.

Ravalomanana is the one in 2008, was dismissed without a blow France's ambassador in Antananarivo, Gildas Le Lidec. A more historical rupture when we know the gravity of the inferiority complex which is harmony with the psychology of Comedy sworn these thoroughbreds whose dynasty is perpetuated primarily in francophone Africa. And in that register the most baneful, Central Africa, the bastion of Françafrique, is certainly a leader.

I understand that all these facts are only episodes unrelated to the ouster of undemocratic Ravalomanana. But I simply note that in the past in the [former] colonies in Africa, all his predecessors who had demonstrated behavior so "flippant" with respect to their [former] colonial power, have been vilified and driven out of curtly power. And for the less fortunate, it was through a coffin. From where he is, Sankara does belie me probably not! However, an exception that confirms the implacable law of series, Sekou is the case of Guinea Conakry. We know, however, the high price paid by the Guineans while being squeezed between the hammer and the anvil of the belligerents involved in antagonism to the smell of simmering cold war. They found themselves stuck between the horrors of the dictator, the boycott of the colonial power, but also the total isolation of a western world solidarity of one of his engagement with a Head of State that the tropics has committed the "unforgivable mistake" of asserting the sovereignty of his country.
Madagascar was host the next summit of la Francophonie in 2010. Now that the Big Island is suspended OIF, we are assured, she could not hold the summit. Hopefully this is another issue of subterfuge, so prolific in the vastness of the horror tropical. And anyway, any banana would always act as a major defense if necessary ... Many observers of all stripes who were paradoxical preference given to the poor French Ravalomanana, rather than the challenger Kabila. They certainly had their innocence! By

Badiadji Horretowdo in The Messenger, April 22, 2009
Posted: SAOTI.OVER-BLOG.COM

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THE PLOT IN WESTERN COTE D'IVOIRE IS AN OBVIOUS (Yves Rocheleau)


In 2001, I was a member of an international delegation supervised by the "UN" and composed of five parliamentarians from all countries, established in the wake of the arrival in power of Mr Gbagbo in October 2000 .


The delegation's mission was to take stock of the situation by meeting with stakeholders from politics, labor, diplomatic, religious groups and others to President Gbagbo himself.

Probably because of media coverage locally and internationally, it is with a bias to President Gbagbo arrived in Côte d'Ivoire.

The meeting with President Gbagbo was decisive for me. Him, all identified as being responsible for all the problems of his country, seemed like a good man who answered the questions honestly, even more insidious, a humanist, who wants the good of his people - and that All Africa-and who wants above all to restore peace and national reconciliation.

But during a meeting with a delegation of twenty ambassadors that the hypothesis of a plot came to me ... In fact, I saw and heard the members of this gathering denigrate or demonize the President of the Republic, elected democratically, by treating it as an undesirable, a troublemaker, he must get rid because he refuses to bow ... and behave like saying the Africans, "Chief of doormat."

Also, this officer of the Embassy of the Netherlands who whispered in his ear: "Know Gentleman in a year by Gbagbo will not be there! . This was in 2001, and no presidential election is expected before 2005! About 18 months later, September 19, 2002, occurred a military coup .... ! Quickly driven out of Abidjan, the rebels retreated into force in the north they will take over ... It will be the score!

But why all this acrimony against Gbagbo? Because the West did that for another presidential candidate, faithful servant of Western interests, both as an ex - Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire, imposed by Paris as that of former senior leader of the "IMF".

This man, Alassane Ouattara. Boasting a large personal fortune, he is known in financial circles, political and media from Europe and America.

Close, and apparently it sponsor, rebels, Ouattara can count on since 2002 in support of Presidents Chirac and Sarkozy He speaks of his "friend Ouattara, who will do anything to bring the" UN "to legalize the presence of the rebels off-the-law, even to ennoble them in 2004 as" New Forces (FN ) ".
Never, despite several agreements to this end, the rebels have agreed to surrender and they never have been forced, nor France, nor by the "UN".

Despite this background, Gbagbo is forced, in 2010, marked the presidential election in the North, many malpractices and violence, which were recognized by the representative of the "UN" Côte d'Ivoire, without ever "international community" would be tempted to light and the truth.

Small example: in the north, in about 2200 polling stations, the number of voters exceeds the number of registered voters ... and in many cases no vote in favor of Gbagbo is recorded, not even those of his two representatives ... !

Tensions resulting from this post-election context, where both candidates say they are presidents, may degenerate into a terrible bloodbath. To try to remedy this situation, the "African Union (AU)" has recently decided to establish a "panel" consisting of the heads of state from five African countries.

Hopefully this new mission will succeed in knowing the truth about events that occurred before, during and after the presidential elections.



MP Yves Rocheleau Trois-Rivières (1993-2004)
House of Commons of Canada (Ottawa) 12 February 2011

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20 tips to staying young and fit, even into old age


The twenty-first century will be that he centenarians? Each year, the life expectancy is rising and it is not uncommon to find senior very fit. With the lighting of many studies, we now know that longevity is largely the result of a healthy lifestyle and harmonious.

Whatever your age, the tips below will help to reduce the weight of years. In the immediate future, they will also enable you to feel more fit. Eat healthily and be healthy mind is the assurance of immediate benefit, without waiting for a hundred years.
Eating well: a key to longevity.

1. Eat fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins if possible A, C and E. Their antioxidant helps reduce the cellular aging.

2. Think of the fibers present in whole grains but also in legumes (beans, lentils).

3. Limit your fat intake, especially if they are of animal origin. Prefer olive oil or rapeseed oil. Eat a few nuts every day for their intake of unsaturated fatty acids and minerals.

4. In alternatives to animal proteins, vegetable proteins think of, including those of soybeans.

5. Eat organic if possible. You will benefit from food purest but also richer in nutrients.

6. Eat fish and seafood regularly several times a week. Fatty fish like wild salmon can help you get your ration of omega-3.

7. Have recourse to the flavonoids in tea or dark chocolate (in reasonable quantities). They also play an antioxidant role.

8. Use spices, including ginger and cinnamon.

9. Consider supplements. Although their role is controversial, two to three courses per year can help you get through difficult periods, such as late winter. These products should not however attempt to compensate for an unbalanced diet.

10. Do not smoke or if you're addicted to tobacco, get help to stop. Moderate your alcohol consumption (especially for women).

11. Do not overeat. The ideal is to leave the table with a slight feeling of hunger. If instead, you feel heavy (e) or swollen (e) is that you have eaten too much.

12. Cultivate regular physical activity, tailored to your taste and your physical condition. Move your body is a veritable elixir youth.

13. Pay attention to your teeth: the oral infections are potential sources of more serious problems, including heart.

14. Feed the flame. Making love regularly can be a great way to enhance their well-being.

15. Consult a doctor regularly.
Staying young is primarily a history of mental

16. Keep an intense intellectual life and varied. Staying young is to first keep a clear mind. Reading, playing, traveling are all opportunities to stay active and curious.

17. Cultivate your social life. Meet friends you will stimulate your intellect and your morale. Being useful to society is also an excellent antidepressant.

18. Get enough sleep. If you can, taking a nap you will be perfectly shaped.

19. Keep stress under control. If it is a normal part of life, stress is often excessive in our urban environment. In excessive doses, it is a factor of accelerated aging.

20. Be optimistic. Several studies have shown that having a positive view of things possible to lengthen life expectancy.

In short stay safe, we must learn to enjoy life ...

Walk In Clinic At Toronto West End

Doctor I fly ...



Flying today has become a trivial matter, but that could quickly turn into a nightmare if precautions are not taken .

FOR REDUCING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

The air pressure in aircraft is a pressure altitude of 1500-2000 when the aircraft reached its cruising altitude. This promotes intestinal bloating. This unpleasant state is limited in avoiding:
• soft drinks, including
the champagne
• food producers Gas
dried vegetables, milk, cabbage.
If this is not enough you have to "push" having taken care of
simultaneously block his 2 nostrils and ears
2.

HEARING DISORDERS
Changes in pressure during the landing
cause hearing damage may be responsible
a barometric otitis. During the descent
must swallow frequently
to balance the pressures in the middle ear and avoid
tympanic retractions. During the descent, we must swallow to
avoid the impression of hearing



airsickness
For those sensitive to motion sickness, evil air leads to headaches, nausea, sweating and dizziness. To reduce the
: choose a town square in the plane.
Avoid heavy meals and alcohol ingestion.
Possibly
take preventive treatment (medical prescription and in compliance
the cons-data) with an antihistamine
(Nautamine ® or Dramamine ®, an hour before takeoff
) by an anti-vertigo
(Sibelium ® 1 to 2 days before departure and
flying day).


JET LAG (RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE WORLD HEALTH
)
Jet lag can cause indigestion,
general malaise, insomnia and reduced
physical and mental performance.
Travellers who take medication at regular times
(eg insulin, oral contraceptives
) should talk with their doctor.
Drugs "endormisseurs"
can help regain a normal sleep. Their decision must be made
medical advice.
following measures can reduce the effects of jetlag
:
• Be rested before departure and try
sleep during the flight. Sleep per 24 hours, a
total hours equivalent to what one usually sleeps

• Drink plenty of (soft drinks)
before and during the journey
• Eat lightly and drink little alcohol during the
Vol
For short stays, it is not always necessary to compensate
jetlag.
Do not hesitate to consult a doctor.
Class Syndrome
ECONOMIC
The economy class syndrome
corresponds to a venous thrombosis which may lead to pulmonary embolism
. This type of accident is
most frequently observed during or subsequent to
of long flights, due to immobility.
known risk factors are:
history of DVT or pulmonary embolism,
age over 40 years (the risk increases with age
), taking estrogen (oral contraceptives
, hormone) , pregnancy, surgery
or recent trauma
(especially those concerning
abdomen or lower limbs), cancer, abnormal clotting
,
tobacco consumption, obesity and varicose veins. The
subjects with one or more of these risk factors
should consult a physician before starting
.
As a precaution, it is recommended during flight
from practice several times a few years
(displacement in the plane, flexion-extension
ankles), avoid crossing your legs, wear loose clothing
, ducts and avoid belts,
drink (from water) frequently (1 liter / 4 hours)
not consume tobacco or sleeping pills. People with a history
venous can, moreover,
wear stockings. Prescription
LMWH (low molecular weight heparin) or
treatment veinotonic may be justified, but is
a medical consultation.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
(RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION WORLD HEALTH
)


Air travel-cons are listed in the following cases
:
• Newborns less than 7 days.
• Pregnant women in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy
(8 weeks if
multiple pregnancy) and within 7 days after delivery
. However,
with the agreement of a physician, the trip can be
allowed from 24 hours after delivery
in case of urgency, to the condition that
bleeding
be arrested and that the rate of Hemoglobin is correct.
• People:
- angina pectoris,
- a syndrome of decompression after
scuba diving. Moreover, subjects with
diving,
several days, should not
travel within 24 hours
stop this practice, the period is 12 hours for a dive
does not exceed 2 hours
,
- a increased intracranial pressure
(due to hemorrhage, trauma or infection
)
- a sinus infection, ear or nose
(particularly if the Eustachian tube is blocked
)
- a chronic respiratory disease,
- shortness of breath at rest - a pneumothorax,
- of sickle cell,
- hypertension with a pressure
systolic greater than 200 mm Hg,
- a recent psychiatric disorder.
• Air travel is also contraindicated,
the waning of a myocardial infarction
in the days following an act
surgery or trauma that promotes
air trapping (abdominal trauma, gastrointestinal surgery
,
craniofacial lesions and ocular, neurosurgery, eye surgery ...
).


Insurance
Whatever your destination or purpose of your trip, but remember to purchase adequate insurance such as: Trip cancellation insurance and repatriation assistance, medical assistance, travel assistance, luggage insurance, liability to strange, insurance and sports activities ...

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The danger of self-medication



Self Medication: What is it?


is neither a definition of self-medication in the Code of Public Health because it is not a treatment but a behavior, practiced by 80% of French in certain circumstances. It is to prescribe self-medication without medical intervention. This guess it feels able to support themselves independently for minor illnesses (colds, headaches, sore throat, constipation, skin problems, hemorrhoids).
Without a precise definition, it is difficult to guarantee the safety of self-medication, even if the drugs called "no-prescription-" have been authorized for placing on the market (AMM) as any drug. This ensures their clinical efficacy, therapeutic and toxicological.


Delayed diagnosis - Loss of chance

Before a health problem, the person analyzing the symptoms, their intensity, duration and decides not to consult and administer self or child treatment, medicated or not, he has (family medicine in the case of a medication) or he acquires without a prescription.

The initial risk serious than taking the user is wrong to equate the new disease to benign disease that seems to recognize and thus to make a misdiagnosis and delaying the introduction of effective treatment.

A second risk is added with the fact that symptomatic treatment may partially mask light or even totally original symptoms and delay diagnosis of a disease, hindering the development of its treatment. Well known example of the risks involved the introduction of antibiotics far too short (end of previous treatment discovered in the family medicine cabinet) not suitable for the causative organism has not been sought, which has been "decapitated" by the initial treatment making it difficult to identify and secondary complications and resistance that may arise. Thus the choice of self-medication can result in some cases a net loss of chance for the patient.

No respect for rules of use

A large number of secondary problems with self-medication practices of misuse comes in part related to the fact that patients do not read or read poorly record regarded as too long or too complex . Educational efforts have been made in recent years, including placement of logos and patterns more accessible to the public.

Main errors to take doses (daily doses unsuitable, poor distribution in the day, not taking into account the mode of administration if individual) and employment without regard to risk factors and precautions. Administration to young children dosage forms with which they are not intended is unfortunately common.
Finally the patient may be judged wrongly cured when the symptoms mend his ways and stop too quickly or too sharply treatment, which can cause rebound reactions and / or render more difficult the medical management of secondary pathology.



Side Effects Medications for self-medication are placed on the market if they have evidence of widespread use safe and whether their use without medical supervision is not a public health problem. Adverse reactions encountered in these conditions should be mild. Classes posing the most problems are the analgesics aspirin considered innocuous and totally unmarked, took ibuprofen dose anti-inflammatory or associated with aspirin and conventional but serious gastrointestinal effects. The absence of medical supervision can lead to misuse and we must insist on the dependencies of some patients (mostly female migraine) to analgesics, situations in which the vicious circle of headache due to analgesic leads to associate them more with the consequences of drug dose escalation and / or synergies of adverse effects.
In some cases the misuse of self-medication can lead to problems for which the patient would consider corrective treatment. It then engages in an escalation of self-medication, a classic example is the absorption of chronic irritant laxatives, followed by irritable bowel syndrome for which the patient s' autoprescrira "dressing tract.
Side effects may also be the consequence of using drugs listed, sometimes serious effects generators, kept in the family pharmacy and taken at doses inadequate. Finally, the side effects most often result in uncontrolled and associations whose risk is not perceived by the user.


Drug Interactions

Three-risk situations are encountered:
- the patient associates himself more drugs to self-medicate,
- the doctor, when establishing a new prescription, asks the coprescription but not drugs taken in self-medication by the patient. Yet it does not think to report treatment he considers trivial (aspirin) or it does not consider a drug (pill, herbal medicine, vitamin supplements ...). In addition, the patient may feel guilty towards his doctor "s'automédiquer" and does not admit the practice.
- The user "forgets" a chronic prescription, "routine" (antihypertensives, lipid lowering, hypo-uricémiants) and no question arises as to the dangers of self-medication is adding to treatment usually prescribed, although this association should be discouraged a priori in the absence of notice of the prescriber.
specific drug interaction alcohol including the loss of vigilance that can cause harm is unknown to the general public and must be frequently recalled for consultation.

iatrogenic risks during pregnancy

surveys published in pregnant women show that many classes are used as self medication. Some are mistakenly regarded as innocuous as commonplace as vitamin supplements, analgesics, while others are symptomatic of diseases common during pregnancy such as drugs or veinotonics of Gastroenterology (antacids, laxatives, anti-nausea).

Mismanagement of the family medicine cabinet

checking expiration dates of stored products is an uncommon practice, besides the drug is often deconditioned and lose both its box and instruction sheet. Moreover, storage conditions (away from heat, light, humidity) are not always followed, nor the obvious set of storage out of reach of children.


What are the OTC?


drugs that are freely available without a prescription. They cover Diabetes Care Products, officinale, tips, specialty consumer and prescription drugs optional. This represents 6.1% of total drug market (figures Afipa 2007).
For example, the elderly consume preferentially self-medication: analgesics to alleviate pain phenomena present in 45 to 70% of them, osteoarticular pain associated with aging in particular, inflammatory, laxatives, sedatives and anxiolytics.



What are the health and legal issues?



practiced at all times, self-medication, the legitimate autonomy or risky attributes to himself as a citizen, is now encouraged by the expansion of patient associations and the delisting of a number of medications (analgesics, syrups, veinotonics). Its apparent advantages (saving medical consultation and non-reimbursement by Social Security) are to be qualified because of the additional adverse drug necessitating costly hospitalization (128 000 cases per year) or a resumption of treatment with the doctor. Self-medication
commits such responsibility of the individual, but also that of the pharmacist in delivering a medication without medical prescription, must recall its proper use (Article R. 5015-1 of the Code of Public Health).


What should you be wary when s'automédique?


The usual risks associated with the prescription were strengthened.
1. The risks of intolerance and drug interactions and are described in the warnings contained in the Vidal ® dictionary of self-medication, or drug records. Adverse effects of drugs are twice more after 65 years, while two thirds are preventable.
2. Poor compliance: it covers half of the elderly.
3. Misuse of a product: 60% of elderly think well use a bronchial inhaler, for example, while only 10% to successfully maneuver.
4. The risk of severe poisoning: a little over 3% of hospitalizations are related to an iatrogenic (caused by an incident care) drug! According APNET (National Educational Association for Teaching Therapeutics), about 109 accidents that led to hospitalization, 8 are related to self-medication: 5 of painkillers (analgesics), 2 of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
This is all the more reason to fear that the patient does not specify what his doctor is already taking its own account. The combination drug of the physician and those of the patient is very risky.